hermes da fonseca presidente | Fonseca, Hermes Rodrigues da (1855–1923)

Hermes da Fonseca, a military figure and politician from Rio Grande do Sul, stands as a pivotal figure in the history of the Brazilian Republic. He served as the eighth president of Brazil, governing the nation between 1910 and 1914, a period marked by significant social and political upheaval, the rise of new ideologies, and the consolidation of the Old Republic (República Velha). His presidency, often referred to as the "Salvation Politics" era, was characterized by interventionist policies aimed at stabilizing the country, combatting regional oligarchies, and modernizing the armed forces. This article will delve into the life, career, and presidency of Hermes da Fonseca, exploring the context in which he rose to power, the policies he implemented, and the lasting impact of his leadership on Brazil.

Early Life and Military Career

Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca was born in São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, on May 12, 1855. He hailed from a family with deep roots in the Brazilian military and political landscape. His uncle, Marshal Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, was the first president of Brazil, having led the military coup that overthrew the monarchy in 1889 and established the Republic. This familial connection undoubtedly influenced Hermes' own trajectory and provided him with early access to opportunities within the military establishment.

Following in his family's footsteps, Hermes entered the military academy and rose through the ranks with diligence and competence. He distinguished himself as a skilled officer and strategist, earning the respect of his peers and superiors. His military career provided him with a broad understanding of the country's diverse regions and the challenges facing its population. He actively participated in key military operations and demonstrated a commitment to maintaining order and stability.

Before ascending to the presidency, Hermes held several important military positions, including Minister of War during the presidency of Afonso Pena. In this role, he spearheaded modernization efforts within the armed forces, introducing new technologies, improving training programs, and enhancing the overall professionalism of the military. His tenure as Minister of War cemented his reputation as a capable administrator and a staunch advocate for a strong and modern military. This experience would prove invaluable when he later assumed the presidency, enabling him to leverage the military's influence to implement his policies.hermes da fonseca presidente

The Presidential Election of 1910: A Nation Divided

The presidential election of 1910 was a watershed moment in Brazilian history, marking a significant challenge to the established power structure of the Old Republic. The prevailing political system was dominated by the "café com leite" (coffee with milk) politics, an informal agreement between the states of São Paulo (coffee producers) and Minas Gerais (dairy producers) to alternate the presidency. This system effectively excluded other states and regions from meaningful political participation, leading to widespread discontent and calls for reform.

Hermes da Fonseca emerged as the candidate representing a faction within the ruling elite who sought to modernize the country and address the growing social and economic disparities. He ran against Ruy Barbosa, a renowned intellectual, jurist, and statesman, who represented the "Civilista" campaign. Ruy Barbosa advocated for a more decentralized government, greater civil liberties, and a reduction in the military's influence.

The election was fiercely contested, with both candidates attracting significant support. Hermes, backed by the military and elements within the established political order, campaigned on a platform of national unity, order, and progress. Ruy Barbosa, on the other hand, galvanized support from intellectuals, urban middle classes, and those who felt marginalized by the "café com leite" system.

The election was marked by accusations of fraud and intimidation, highlighting the deep divisions within Brazilian society. Ultimately, Hermes da Fonseca was declared the winner, but the election exposed the fragility of the Old Republic and the growing demand for political and social change. The close result underscored the fact that a significant portion of the population desired a different direction for the country.

The "Salvation Politics" and Interventionist Policies

Hermes da Fonseca's presidency, from 1910 to 1914, was largely defined by his "Salvation Politics" (Política de Salvação), a policy of federal intervention in state politics. This interventionist approach was justified by the need to combat corruption, dismantle regional oligarchies, and restore order in states experiencing instability.

Under the banner of "Salvation Politics," the federal government, often with the backing of the military, intervened in numerous states, replacing state governors deemed corrupt or disloyal with individuals more aligned with the federal government's agenda. This policy was particularly evident in states like Bahia, Ceará, and Rio Grande do Norte, where local power structures were challenged and replaced.

The "Salvation Politics" was highly controversial. Supporters argued that it was necessary to break the grip of entrenched oligarchies and promote good governance. They believed that federal intervention was the only way to ensure fair elections and prevent the abuse of power by local elites. Critics, however, condemned the policy as an authoritarian overreach that undermined state autonomy and democratic principles. They argued that it further centralized power in the hands of the federal government and suppressed dissenting voices.

Beyond the interventionist policies, Hermes da Fonseca also focused on modernizing the country's infrastructure and economy. He promoted investments in transportation, communication, and sanitation projects. He also sought to strengthen the Brazilian currency and attract foreign investment. However, these efforts were often hampered by political instability and the ongoing debates surrounding the "Salvation Politics."